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Progressive education is a pedagogical movement that began in the late nineteenth century; it has persisted in various forms to the present. The term ''progressive'' was engaged to distinguish this education from the traditional Euro-American curricula of the 19th century, which was rooted in classical preparation for the university and strongly differentiated by social class. By contrast, progressive education finds its roots in present experience. Most progressive education programs have these qualities in common: * Emphasis on learning by doing – hands-on projects, expeditionary learning, experiential learning * Integrated curriculum focused on thematic units * Integration of entrepreneurship into education * Strong emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking * Group work and development of social skills * Understanding and action as the goals of learning as opposed to rote knowledge * Collaborative and cooperative learning projects * Education for social responsibility and democracy * Highly personalized education accounting for each individual's personal goals * Integration of community service and service learning projects into the daily curriculum * Selection of subject content by looking forward to ask what skills will be needed in future society * De-emphasis on textbooks in favor of varied learning resources * Emphasis on lifelong learning and social skills * Assessment by evaluation of child’s projects and productions ==Educational theory== Progressive education can be traced back to the works of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both of whom are known as forerunners of ideas that would be developed by theorists such as Dewey. Locke believed that "truth and knowledge… arise out of observation and experience rather than manipulation of accepted or given ideas".〔 〕 He further discussed the need for children to have concrete experiences in order to learn. Rousseau deepened this line of thinking in Emile, or On Education, where he argued that subordination of students to teachers and memorization of facts would not lead to an education. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Progressive education」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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